Bearfoot Education References

Foot health and quality of life among adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study - Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research - Almaawi A, Alqarni H, Thallaj AK, et al. 2023;18(1).

Minimal footwear improves stability and physical function in middle-aged and older people compared to conventional shoes - Cudejko, T., Gardiner, J., Akpan, A., & D'Août, K. (2020). Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon), 71, 139–145.

Barefoot Training Improved Ankle Stability and Agility in Netball Players - de Villiers, J. E., & Venter, R. E. (2014). International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(3), 485–496.

Modifications in lower leg muscle activation when walking barefoot or in minimalist shoes across different age-groups - Franklin, S., Li, F. X., & Grey, M. J. (2018) Gait & posture, 60, 1–5.

Quality of Life Impact Related to Foot Health in a Sample of Older People with Hallux Valgus - López DL, González LC, Iglesias MEL, et al. Aging & Disease. 2016;7(1):1-8.

Evaluation of foot health related quality of life in individuals with foot problems by gender: a cross-sectional comparative analysis studyBMJ - López-López D, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Losa-Iglesias ME, et al Open 2018;8:e023980.

Impact of Chronic Foot Pain Related Quality of Life: A Retrospective Case-Control Study - Lopez-Lopez L, Navarro-Flores E, Losa-Iglesias ME, et al. 2022;25(6):E851-E856.

The relationship between common foot problems with falls and quality of life in older people - International Journal of Older People Nursing - Jalali M, Mojgani P, Saeedi H, Azadinia F, Niksolat M, Ghorbani F. 2021;16(6):1-8.

Impact of plantar fasciitis on the quality of life of male and female patients according to the Foot Health Status Questionnaire - Journal of Pain Research. Palomo-Lopez P, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R. 2018;11:875.

Footwear Alters Lower Extremity Coordination Variability - Perceptual and motor skills - Romer, B. H., Weimar, W., & Fox, J. (2019). 126(5), 764–778.

The effects of squatting footwear on three-dimensional lower limb and spine kinetics - Journal of electromyography and kinesiology - official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology - Southwell, D. J., Petersen, S. A., Beach, T. A., & Graham, R. B. (2016). 31, 111–118.

Treatment of Forefoot Problems in Older People: A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Podiatric Treatment With Standardized Shoe Advice - Annals of Family Medicine - van der Zwaard BC, van der Horst HE, Knol DL, Vanwanseele B, Elders PJM. 2014;12(5):432-440.

What are the differences in injury proportions between different populations of runners? A systematic review and meta-analysis - Sport Med - Kluitenberg B, van Middelkoop M, Diercks R, van der Worp H. 2015;45:1143–1161.

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners - Lieberman DE, Venkadesan M, Werbel WA, Daoud AI, D’Andrea S, Davis IS, et al. 2010;463:531–535.

Transitioning to Barefoot Running Using a Minimalist Shoe Intermediary: A Prospective Cohort Study - Medicine and science in sports and exercise - Mills, K., Collins, N. J., & Vicenzino, B. (2022). 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003111. Advance online publication.

Effects of a seven-week minimalist footwear transition programme on footstrike modality, pressure variables and loading rates - Footwear Science - Moore, I., Pitt, W., Nunns, M., & Dixon, S. (2014). 1-13 DOI

A comparison in the muscle activity of the abductor hallucis and the medial longitudinal arch angle during toe curl and short foot exercises - Physical therapy in sport - official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine - Jung, D. Y., Kim, M. H., Koh, E. K., Kwon, O. Y., Cynn, H. S., & Lee, W. H. (2011). 12(1), 30–35.

Injuries observed in minimalist runners. Foot & ankle international - Salzler, M. J., Bluman, E. M., Noonan, S., Chiodo, C. P., & de Asla, R. J. (2012). 33(4), 262–266.

Transitioning to Minimal Footwear: a Systematic Review of Methods and Future Clinical Recommendations - Sports Med Open - Warne JP, Gruber AH. 2017;3(1):33. Published 2017 Sep 15.

A 4-week instructed minimalist running transition and gait-retraining changes plantar pressure and force - Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports - Warne, J. P., Kilduff, S. M., Gregan, B. C., Nevill, A. M., Moran, K. A., & Warrington, G. D. (2014). 24(6), 964–973.

Chronic ankle instability: Current perspectives - Al-Mohrej OA, Al-Kenani NS. Avicenna J Med. 2016;6(4):103-108.

Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, medial longitudinal arch of the ... National Library of Medicine - Babu, D., & Bordoni, B. (2022, November 11). Retrieved February 19, 2023, from

Foot posture is associated with plantar pressure during gait: A comparison of normal, planus and cavus feet - Gait & Posture - Buldt AK, Forghany S, Landorf KB, Levinger P, Murley GS, Menz HB. 2018;62:235-240.

Foot health facts - Foot & Ankle Conditions » Cavus Foot (High-Arched Foot)

An Updated Model of Chronic Ankle Instability - Jay Hertel 1 2, Revay O Corbett 1 - PMID: 31162943 PMCID: PMC6602403 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-344-18

Foot Characteristics in Association With Inversion Ankle Injury - Journal of Athletic Training (National Athletic Trainers’ Association) - Morrison KE, Kaminski TW. 2007;42(1):135-142. Accessed March 19, 2023.

Is Pes Cavus Alignment Associated With Lisfranc Injuries of the Foot? - Clinical orthopaedics and related research - Podolnick JD, Donovan DS, DeBellis N, Pino A. 2017;475(5):1463-1469.

Pes Cavus - By Prodyut Das

Does Foot Posture Influence Plantar Pressure? - South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education & Recreation - SIMSEK D, YILDIZER G, GUNGOR EO, ORS BS, HARPUT G. 2021;43(2):111-122. Accessed March 18, 2023.

The association between high-arched feet, plantar pressure distribution and body posture in young women - Sci Rep - Woźniacka R, Oleksy Ł, Jankowicz-Szymańska A, Mika A, Kielnar R, Stolarczyk A. 2019;9(1):17187. Published 2019 Nov 20.

Association of arch height with ankle muscle strength and physical performance in adult men - Biol Sport. Zhao X, Tsujimoto T, Kim B, Tanaka K. 2017;34(2):119-126.

The Relationship Between Arch Height and Arch Flexibility A Proposed Arch Flexibility Classification System for the Description of Multidimensional Foot Structure - Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association - Zifchock RA, Theriot C, Hillstrom HJ, Song J, Neary M. 2017;107(2):119-123.

Pes Planus - Physiopedia (2023) - Retrieved March 5, 2023

In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. - Raj MA, Tafti D, Kiel J. Pes Planus. [Updated 2022 Sep 7].

Adult rigid flatfoot: Triple arthrodesis and osteotomy - Medicine, 99(7), e18826 - Yang, Z., Liu, F., Cui, L., Liu, H., Zuo, J., Liu, L., & Li, S. (2020).

Flat Foot in a Random Population and its Impact on Quality of Life and Functionality - Journal of clinical and diagnostic research - JCDR, 11(4), LC22–LC27 - Pita-Fernandez, S., Gonzalez-Martin, C., Alonso-Tajes, F., Seoane-Pillado, T., Pertega-Diaz, S., Perez-Garcia, S., Seijo-Bestilleiro, R., & Balboa-Barreiro, V. (2017).

Prevalence of anterior knee pain and pes planus in Israel defense force recruits - Military medicine, 175(11), 855–857 - Lakstein, D., Fridman, T., Ziv, Y. B., & Kosashvili, Y. (2010).

Arches of the foot - Physiopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2023

The transverse arch in the human feet: A narrative review of its evolution, anatomy, biomechanics and clinical implications - Morphologie. 2022;106(355):225-234. - Asghar A, Naaz S.

Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, medial longitudinal arch of the ...- National Library of Medicine - Retrieved February 19, 2023 - Babu, D., & Bordoni, B. (2022, November 11).

Arches of the foot - Kenhub - Retrieved February 19, 2023 - O'Leary BSc MBChB, C. (2022, June 30).

Forefoot Adduction, Hindfoot Varus or Pes Cavus: Risk Factors for Fifth Metatarsal Fractures and Jones Fractures? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2022;61(3):641-647 - Riegger M, Müller J, Giampietro A, et al.

Comparison of blood flow changes with soft tissue mobilization and massage therapy - Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 20(12), 932–936 - Portillo-Soto, A., Eberman, L. E., Demchak, T. J., & Peebles, C. (2014).

Massage therapy research review - Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 20(4), 224–229. - Field T. (2014)

Foot ligaments: Anatomy and function - Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2023

Massage therapy reduces anxiety and enhances EEG pattern of alertness and math computations - The International journal of neuroscience, 86(3-4), 197–205. - Field, T., Ironson, G., Scafidi, F., Nawrocki, T., Goncalves, A., Burman, I., Pickens, J., Fox, N., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (1996).

Why Shoes Make “Normal” Gait Impossible How flaws in footwear affect this complex human function - Podiatry Management - Rossi, D.P.M, W. A. (1999).

Effects of heel lifts on lower limb biomechanics and muscle function: A systematic review - Gait & posture, 69, 224–234 - Rabusin, C. L., Menz, H. B., McClelland, J. A., Tan, J. M., Whittaker, G. A., Evans, A. M., & Munteanu, S. E. (2019).

Barefoot vs common footwear: A systematic review of the kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity differences during walking - Gait & posture, 42(3), 230–239 - Franklin, S., Grey, M. J., Heneghan, N., Bowen, L., & Li, F. X. (2015).

Effects of heel height and high-heel experience on foot stability during quiet standing - Gait & posture, 68, 252–257. - Wan, F. K. W., Yick, K. L., & Yu, W. W. M. (2019).

The influence of heel height on frontal plane ankle biomechanics: implications for lateral ankle sprains - Foot & ankle international, 33(1), 64–69. - Foster, A., Blanchette, M. G., Chou, Y. C., & Powers, C. M. (2012).

Effects of high heeled shoes wearing experience and heel height on human standing balance and functional mobility - Ergonomics, 59(2), 249–264. - Hapsari, V. D., & Xiong, S. (2016).

The effect of heel-to-toe drop of running shoes on patellofemoral joint stress during running - Gait & posture, 93, 230–234. - Zhang, M., Zhou, X., Zhang, L., Liu, H., & Yu, B. (2022).

Patellofemoral pain syndrome - American Family Physician - Retrieved January 15, 2023 - Gaitonde, D. Y., Ericksen, A., & Robbins, R. C. (2019, January 15).

Influence of foot positions on the spine and pelvis - Arthritis care & research, 63(12), 1758–1765. - Betsch, M., Schneppendahl, J., Dor, L., Jungbluth, P., Grassmann, J. P., Windolf, J., Thelen, S., Hakimi, M., Rapp, W., & Wild, M. (2011).

The effects of pelvic movement on lumbar lordosis in the standing position - The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 24(3), 130–135 - Levine, D., & Whittle, M. W. (1996).

Effects of the height of shoe heels on muscle activation of cervical and lumbar spine in healthy women - J Phys Ther Sci. 2016 Mar;28(3):956-9. - Park K, Kim Y, Chung Y, Hwang S.

Pelvic incidence: a fundamental pelvic parameter for three-dimensional regulation of spinal sagittal curves - European spine journal - official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 7(2), 99–103. - Legaye, J., Duval-Beaupère, G., Hecquet, J., & Marty, C. (1998).

Changes of bioelectrical activity in cervical paraspinal muscle during gait in low and high heel shoes - Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics, 13(1), 27–33. - Mika, A., Oleksy, Ł., Mikołajczyk, E., Marchewka, A., & Mika, P. (2011).

Influences of heel height on human postural stability and functional mobility between inexperienced and experienced high heel shoe wearers - PeerJ. 2020;8:e10239. Published 2020 Oct 28. - Chen Y, Li JX, Wang L. doi:10.7717/peerj.10239

The effect of support surface and footwear condition on postural sway and lower limb muscle action of the older women - PLoS ONE, 15(6), 1–11 - Huang, M., Yick, K., Ng, S., Yip, J., & Cheung, R. T. (2020).

Running in highly cushioned shoes increases leg stiffness and amplifies impact loading - Scientific reports, 8(1), 17496 - Kulmala, J. P., Kosonen, J., Nurminen, J., & Avela, J. (2018).

Do running speed and shoe cushioning influence impact loading and tibial shock in basketball players? - PeerJ, 6, e4753 - Lam, W. K., Liebenberg, J., Woo, J., Park, S. K., Yoon, S. H., Cheung, R. T., & Ryu, J. (2018).

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners - Nature, 463(7280), 531–535 - Lieberman, D. E., Venkadesan, M., Werbel, W. A., Daoud, A. I., D'Andrea, S., Davis, I. S., Mang'eni, R. O., & Pitsiladis, Y. (2010).

Back, lower limb, and upper limb pain among U.S. adults - 2019. NCHS Data Brief, no 415. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021 Lucas JW, Connor EM, Bose J.

Lower impact forces but greater burden for the musculoskeletal system in running shoes with greater cushioning stiffness - European journal of sport science, 1–11. Advance online publication - Malisoux, L., Gette, P., Backes, A., Delattre, N., & Theisen, D. (2022).

Analysis of hip joint loading during walking with different shoe types using instrumented total hip prostheses - Scientific reports - Palmowski, Y., Popović, S., Kosack, D., & Damm, P. (2021). 11(1), 10073.

Balance and vertical impact in sports: role of shoe sole materials - Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation - Robbins, S., & Waked, E. (1997). 78(5), 463–467.

Influence of footwear on postural sway: A systematic review and meta-analysis on barefoot and shod bipedal static posturography in patients and healthy subjects - Gait & Posture - Stefan Reutimann, MaryJane Hill-Strathy, Carmen Krewer, Jeannine Bergmann, Friedemann Müller, Klaus Jahn, Katrin Rauen (2022). Volume 92, Pages 302-314, ISSN 0966-6362

Effects of a foot strengthening program on foot muscle morphology and running mechanics: A proof-of-concept, single-blind randomized controlled trial - Physical therapy in sport - official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine - Taddei, U. T., Matias, A. B., Ribeiro, F. I. A., Bus, S. A., & Sacco, I. C. N. (2020). 42, 107–115.

Recruitment of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles with increasing postural demand - Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) - Kelly, L. A., Kuitunen, S., Racinais, S., & Cresswell, A. G. (2012). 27(1), 46–51.

Daily activity in minimal footwear increases foot strength - Curtis, R., Willems, C., Paoletti, P. et al. Sci Rep 11, 18648 (2021).

Athletic training with minimal footwear strengthens toe flexor muscles - Footwear Science, 5:1, 19-25 - Jan-Peter Goldmann, Wolfgang Potthast & Gert-Peter Brüggemann (2013)

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